Innovative technologies for industry

Justification of the selection of indicators of the degree of coal metamorphism for the prediction of hazardous properties of mine plastics

Ye.S. Rudniev — 2024-04-03

The dependence of the manifestation of any dangerous property of coal mines during mining operations on the influencing factors of the three blocks is considered. In the general case, the most dangerous properties of coal seams include the release of explosive and flammable gases, sudden emissions of coal and gas, the tendency to spontaneous combustion and the occurrence of endogenous fires, increased dust formation, explosiveness of coal dust and other negative phenomena. To prevent emergencies during mining operations, it is necessary to take into account the influence of factors of all three units.
Factors of the first block determine the genetic predisposition of mine shafts to the appearance of dangerous properties under the influence of geological processes and metamorphic transformation of the source material. The factors of the second block include mining and geological conditions of coal mines. On the basis of data on parameters of the first two blocks at stages of designing and operation of the coal enterprise mining indicators of the third block of factors are put.
In contrast to the mining-geological and mining conditions of the second block, the factors of the first block are the least studied and not always reliably established. They must determine under the influence of metamorphism changes in the chemical composition, structure and physical properties of coal in the bowels of the Earth, mainly under the influence of elevated temperature and pressure.
Currently, more than thirty factors are known, which in different ways characterize the metamorphic transformations of the starting material. There is a practice when in normative documents for the characteristic of degree of metamorphic transformations of layers in the vast majority of cases one indicator is used - an exit of volatile substances at thermal decomposition of coal without access of air. One indicator can not simultaneously and on all sides characterize the content, structure, chemical and physical and mechanical properties of the organic mass of coal and mineral impurities. It is necessary to proceed from the position that each dangerous property of mine layers depends on a certain influence of several factors of metamorphism.
Studies have shown that the carbon content and the reflection index of vitrinite in the ranking of coal by their degree of metamorphic transformations have a reliable quantitative definition, which allows their use in establishing the dangerous properties of mines as the main classification indicators. In this case, the carbon content directly controls the overall change in the sum of the main components of the organic mass (hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen), and the reflection index of vitrinite - reflects structural changes in the petrographic composition. The chemical activity of coal is also affected by the presence of moisture in different states, composition and properties of mineral impurities. The use of each auxiliary indicator must be justified taking into account the purpose of application and the method of its determination. This allows to develop general principles of scientific substantiation of the method of forecasting dangerous properties of coal mine layers in combination with mining-geological and mining conditions of works on the basis of carbon content and vitrinite reflection index.

Identification of dangerous properties of mine plastics by genetic and technological indicators of coal

A.M. Halchenko — 2024-04-03

Underground coal mining has one of the highest levels of risk in terms of worker safety and health. New technologies, significant capital investments, continuous learning and changes in health and safety among the participants in the production process have made significant and lasting changes for the better. The analysis of the regulatory framework of Ukraine for the extraction of fossil solid fuels was carried out, which showed that there are contradictions in the parameters characterizing the reliability of the forecast for the manifestation of hazardous properties of mine layers during mining and does not exclude the possibility of emergencies with the full implementation of preventive measures. The basis for the determination of the hazardous properties of mines are the average reflectance of vitrinite, the content of individual components in the organic mass, changes in the content of moisture and mineral impurities. These classification indicators are quantified in the entire range of coal metamorphism degrees. An additional classification indicator for identifying the hazardous properties of anthracites can be the logarithm of electrical resistivity and other auxiliary indicators, after justifying their use in certain ranges of a number of metamorphisms. It was found that the existing wide range of changes in the vitrinite reflectance for anthracites characterizes significant changes in the structure and properties of fossil fuels. These features of the change in anthracite in the process of metamorphism are practically not established by classification according to genetic and technological parameters.

Development of recommendations on effective ways of working out the formation in the conditions of its fragmentation and counterfeiting

D. A. Soroka — 2024-04-03

In the article the analysis of an existing way of working off of a layer ℓ1 in the conditions of its overworking and underworking is made. The regularities of rock pressure in the lava of this seam are established, the influence of mining-geological and mining factors on the roof stability is investigated and the zones of formation unloading and zones of harmful influence of rock pressure arising as a result of overworking and underworking are determined. The roof of the formation ℓ1 as a result of overwork and underwork is broken by systems of mutually intersecting cracks; the bearing capacity of the roof of the formation depends on the presence of the main cracks, oriented parallel to the bottom of the face, in the bottomhole space and the distance between them; when the distance between the main cracks is up to 1 m, the roof loses its stability, with increasing distance between the main cracks, the condition of the roof improves; the magnitude of the load on the bottomhole mounting ranges from 7 tons to 19 tons, which indicates the unloading of the seam as a result of overwork and underwork; the increase in the load in the lower part of the lava to 25 tons is caused by the influence of the supporting contours of the upper and lower layers; the magnitude of the lowering of the roof in the lower part of the lava is 4 and 1,5 times higher than in the middle and upper parts of the lava. Recommendations are given to increase the stability of the roof and prevent blockages of formation lavas: the lower part of the lava is exposed to the reference pressure that occurs on the support contours of the treatment workings of formations ℓ2 and k8в; the influence of the reference pressure from the forgery of the formation ℓ1 extends to 60 m after the uprising; the influence of the reference pressure from the superstructure extends to 18 m; the lower part of the bench in the uprising up to 14 m is jointly affected by overwork and underwork; the middle part of the lava undergoes less intense manifestation of rock pressure, because it is in the unloaded area; the influence of the reference pressure arising at the boundaries of the safety pillars on the lower layer extends to 20 m; in the conditions of development of formation ℓ1 leaving of safety pillars of coal on the layers overworking and underworking, it is not expedient; when preparing new rows should take into account the parameters of the reference pressure zones; the location of the lava formation ℓ1 outside the zones of influence of the reference pressure from overwork and underwork should be considered promising.

On the question of determining the main factors of gas danger in coal mines of Ukraine

O. A. Oleinichenko — 2024-04-03

The regulatory framework for the safe development of gas-bearing coal seams is outdated. This applies to the establishment of the categorical danger of mines and the forecast of gas emissions during mining operations. This work summarizes the results of research on the establishment of the main factors of gas danger in coal mines of Ukraine. Due to the transition to deeper horizons, the gas balance and sources of methane release during treatment have changed. In modern mines, the main share of gas emissions comes from the forged coal seam. The change in the gas balance and the share of the main sources of methane emissions of its components has led to a change in the factors that determine the danger of mining. The current level of gas evolution depends on both the methane resources contained in the forged sources and the rate of advance of the treatment face. The total amount of methane released remains a constant value for the specific size of the excavation field. The indicator of the amount of gas released from the unit area of the produced space, formed in the process of monthly advancement of the treatment face, is not a constant parameter for specific mining-geological and mining conditions. The change in this indicator is similar to the dependence of gas evolution, attributed to the ton of coal produced. With sufficient development of treatment works in the mine field, additional sources of gas emissions appear outside the excavated area in operation, under the influence of increased shear of forged rocks. This must be taken into account when designing ventilation schemes of excavated areas and the directions of action of the general mine depression. The obtained scientific results allow to develop a new method of gas hazard assessment in coal mines and forecast of gas evolution from the coal seam on the basis of available production experience and technical documentation on establishing the categorical hazard of coal enterprises in previous years in accordance with current regulations.

Analysis of modern textile materials for the manufacture of children's products

H. A. Ripka — 2024-04-03

The article considers the selection of textile materials for the manufacture of children's clothing range. It is established that most of the fabrics presented on the modern market of goods do not comply with regulatory documents, primarily in their characteristics (fibrous composition, some physical and mechanical properties, the ability to electrify and accumulate static charges, etc.).
The boundary for the content of chemical fibers was the electrical properties of fibrous systems, namely their electrification, which is assessed by the ability of materials to generate and accumulate electric static charges, and the nature of the fiber. In addition, in the process of machining fibers and threads, in contact with equipment parts and with each other are also able to electrify, and the numerical value of electric charges, which are also called triboelectric, adversely affect the human body.
The production of Ukrainian textiles for the production of children’s clothing is too small, so most of them are imported from China, Germany, France, Italy, etc.
The given analysis of samples of materials (№ 2; № 3 and № 4) testifies that for production of garments of children's range of preschool age use not certain fabrics, knitted or nonwoven cloths provided by regulatory and sanitary documents and norms, and those which are not are justified in accordance with these requirements, especially in terms of fiber composition, meeting only the needs of trade, which is a disadvantage.

Clothing design as an element of corporate style

Ye. O. Mazniev — 2024-04-03

The article considers a comprehensive approach to the development and creation of corporate identity. Creating a corporate identity of an enterprise or organization becomes one of the main tasks for the "recognition" of products and services of this enterprise. Clothing design in this matter often remains in the context of creating uniforms for employees. The definition of principles and prospects of development of design-designing and production of clothes as an integral element of corporate style, as a means of identification of the enterprise is considered. The main elements (constant and changing) were considered and the role and place of design of branded clothing as one of the elements of corporate identity of enterprises was determined. The main directions of design design of branded clothing are considered: design design of uniforms, development of requirements and implementation of dress code, design design of branded accessories, finishing of branded clothing. The modern process of clothing design is analyzed: its four main stages. The main factors taken into account in the design of clothing as an element of corporate style, namely the presence of logo and "colors" of the company, requirements for uniforms or dress codes, quantitative and "qualitative" composition of employees, its "functional" purpose and more. Identified as one of the most promising and least expensive ways to create branded clothing (corporate style) using decoration in design, especially using modern traditional and innovative technologies: printing, embroidery machine, 3-D printing, gadgets and additional fibers and more.

Study of the process of steam conversion of coal in the catalyst aerosol with the help of mathematical applications

I. M. Hlikina — 2024-04-03

The article considers the main sources of energy in Ukraine. Coal as one of the most ancient sources of energy is considered in more detail. The distribution of coal mines throughout the country is small, but the use of coal occupies one of the first places in the energy sector. The article considers the process of steam reforming of coal. At the same time, the course of this process is considered not according to the well-known technology, but according to a new promising technology of aerosol nanocatalysis. This technology has proven itself in oxidation processes, because the catalyst in the aerosol state becomes highly active. At the moment, we are considering a new direction - the process of steam reforming with the production of synthesis gas as the main product. The possibility of planning the process using the SciLab and Microsoft Excel software systems is presented in the article. The SciLab system was created as an assistant for those who are engaged in scientific research. There you can not only draw up balances of chemical processes, but there is the possibility of mathematical and statistical processing of scientific research data. Microsoft Excel is easier to use and similar in professional functionality to other systems. With the help of this system, it is also possible to make calculations of different levels of complexity, to analyze experimental data by various methods of statistical processing. The system allows you to view graphical dependencies that help determine the effects of any parameter of a chemical process. Due to this property, it is possible to foresee the influence of the ratio of raw materials on the production of energy products for the steam reforming of coal. It is possible to choose the parameters of the chemical process to determine the optimal mode of the process. The article considers the possible aerodynamic mode of the process of steam reforming of coal according to certain basic parameters of the process. This allows us to suggest a schematic diagram of the main apparatus for the process of steam reforming of coal using the technology of aerosol nanocatalysis. As a result, it was found that the process of steam reforming of coal using the technology of aerosol nanocatalysis has the right to exist.

Reagent cleaning of washing waters of galvanic industries

M.A. Ozheredova — 2024-04-03

The main results of research tests of the developed technologies and installations for reagent treatment of metal-containing wastewater and washing water, using the example of low-concentration spent solutions of electrochemical nickel plating and chromium plating processes present in the article. The proposed technologies provide full or partial return of purified water for washing products after the stage of applying a metal coating on them and for preparing working solutions – precipitants. When disposing of spent solutions of nickel plating processes, a saturated solution of soda ash at 200C was used as a precipitant; for chromium-containing wastewater, a saturated solution of barium hydroxide (II) with preliminary alkalizing of the original wastewater. Tests have confirmed the possibility of automatic dosing of reagents depending on the pH of the medium, which can be used for both continuous and periodic washing processes. A mode of washing products after the processes of electrochemical nickel plating and chrome plating is proposed. The length of time during which it is possible to wash products without updating the volume of the bath is determined. Calculations carried out based on the results of the tests substantiated the possibility of reducing the consumption of fresh water supplied for washing, due to the reversible use of purified water without worsening the results of washing products. Practically confirmed reduction of water consumption for washing in the amount of 35% after the process of electrochemical chromium plating and in the amount of 65% after the process of nickel plating from the regulated values. Based on the results of the chemical and X-ray structural analysis of the sediments obtained during the disposal of washing waters after the processes of electrochemical nickel plating and chromium plating, ways of their further use are proposed.

Increasing the energy efficiency of industrial enterprises

I. V. Melkonova — 2024-04-03

he paper analyzed the issue of increasing the energy efficiency of industrial enterprises. The author examines the issues related to the main areas of energy efficiency. To improve energy efficiency policies have been most effective, you need to clearly understand what most hinders the implementation of energy efficient technologies and behaviors. The article discusses the implementation of an energy efficiency strategy at industrial enterprises in order to increase their competitiveness. A block diagram of the implementation of energy saving programs is proposed, including the stages of an audit of the existing energy supply system of production and other business processes of the enterprise, including the promotion of the idea of energy efficiency. The strategic goal of energy saving is one and follows from its definition - it is to increase energy efficiency in all industries, in all settlements and in the country as a whole. And the task is to determine by what measures and to what extent this increase can be carried out. The goals of energy saving coincide with other goals of municipalities, such as improving the environmental situation, increasing the efficiency of energy supply systems, etc.
Reducing consumption allows connecting new consumers with minimal capital costs for infrastructure development and removes the problem of allocating land for new construction of generation facilities, the alienation of sanitary protection zones, etc., which generally has a positive impact on urban development.Solving the problems of energy efficiency at this stage, when there is a large reserve of low-cost activities, also coincides with most of the strategic goals of the state and economic entities.
Energy saving should be attributed to the strategic objectives of the state, being both the main method of ensuring energy security and the only real way to maintain high revenues from the export of hydrocarbons. The energy resources required for internal development can be obtained not only by increasing the production of raw materials in hard-to-reach areas and building new energy facilities, but also, at lower cost, by saving energy directly in the centers of energy consumption - large and small settlements.

Synthesis of a robust positional electric drive control system based on h2-optimization

Ye.S. Rudniev — 2024-04-03

The synthesis of a robust control system for a DC positional electric drive with an H2-optimal position controller, operating under conditions of incomplete information about the object and taking into account its structural uncertainties is presented in the article. Its importance is due to the fact that in almost any engineering problem of designing of control system there is an uncertainty (or error) in the object model (the mathematical model of the object obtained on the basis of theory or as a result of identification differs from a real technical system) and in the knowledge of the class of input disturbances. In the work, a positional electric drive with a DC drive motor and a controlled transistor converter for powering the motor armature circuit was adopted as a control object. In the mathematical description of the object, the magnetic flux of the motor is assumed to be constant, the influence of the armature reaction and eddy currents is not taken into account (the motor is compensated). The authors proposed a block diagram of the power part of the control object, on which the direct current motor is presented in the form of aperiodic and integrating links connected in series, covered by a rigid negative feedback in the direction of the counter-EMF machine. The algorithm of the H2-optimal controller is considered. To solve the H2-optimization problem, two Hamilton matrices were introduced, corresponding to the algebraic Riccati equation for control and filtration. When synthesizing a robust H2-optimal position controller, the Robust Control Toolbox → Controller Synthesis package of the Matlab system was used, which made it possible to calculate the central controller that minimizes the H2-norm of the closed-loop system according to the presented algorithms. The obtained H2-optimal controller is a fourth-order controller. Using the «2 - Riccati approach» it was shown that under certain conditions the H2-theory of control (LQG-theory) is the limiting case of the H∞-theory. The synthesized H2-optimal controller provides the necessary accuracy of working out the specified displacements and the degree of sensitivity to parametric and coordinate disturbances that acting on the object.