Topical issues of law: theory and practice

LEGAL SUPPORT FOR THE ECONOMY OF UKRAINE IN TIMES OF WAR FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION (SOME ASPECTS)

O.M. Vinnyk — 2025-09-12

The article is devoted to the implementation of
the state's economic and legal policy in the conditions
of a full-scale war against Ukraine launched by the
Russian aggressor, taking into account the European
integration component. The emphasis is on the legal
provision of the economic security of Ukraine and
friendly countries as a component of their national
security in the conditions of existing and potential
military threats. Analyzing the current situation in
Ukraine and the EU, the most painful problems that
require urgent solutions are revealed in order to
provide real opportunities to repel aggressors,
preserve and strengthen the economic potential of
Ukraine and friendly peace-loving countries as the
material basis for the functioning of a democratic
society. This applies to both the strategic goals of the
state in the economic sphere, and to protecting
economic competition from the arbitrariness of digital
giants, and to strategic investment with the
participation of friendly states and business in the
perspective of the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine.
In connection with the cancellation of the
Economic Code of Ukraine, which is due to take place
soon, the problem of filling the gaps in economic
legislation related to this arises. Therefore, it is
proposed to define in the law, which should become a
key act of economic legislation, the legal principles of
state economic policy, determine the strategic goals of
the state in the sphere of economy, as well as the range
of subjects, objects, contracts, sanctions/measures of
responsibility and legal regimes of management with
reference to the relevant acts of legislation. This
should save efforts on developing a new code (instead
of the Economic Code) and avoid the problem of
introducing changes and additions to it, due to the
improvement of the provisions of the above acts in
view of the emergence of new economic relations and/or significant changes in existing ones.

Keywords: modern economy; legal support; strategic goals; European integration; international cooperation; improvement of legal regulation.

LICENSING OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY AS A SPECIAL SUBJECT OF ECONOMIC AND LEGAL REGULATION

O.V. Berezhnyi — 2025-09-12

The article elucidates the substance of licensing
as a distinctive object of economic-law regulation in
Ukraine. It demonstrates that the licensing of
economic activity constitutes an integral component of
the economic-law framework: in both form and
content it is shaped by the overarching objectives,
functions, and methods through which economic
processes and entrepreneurial activity are governed.
By means of licensing, the state secures a stable
economic order that reconciles freedom of enterprise
with economic security, the rule of law, and the predictability of market behaviour. The licensing regime enables legitimate state influence over business entities: it establishes a clear legal perimeter within which specified activities (those deemed to
warrant additional scrutiny) may be performed; it
facilitates continuous monitoring to ensure that
licensed operations meet prescribed standards of
quality, reliability, and safety; and it upholds socially
significant benchmarks by permitting market
participation only to entities that satisfy statutory
criteria. The significance of licensing is therefore
objectified in its capacity to guarantee that
entrepreneurial freedom is realised within an orderly,
foreseeable, and socially oriented legal environment –
an outcome wholly consistent with the normative aim
of economic law, namely the creation of a stable and
equitable economic order. This importance is
reinforced by the functions the institution performs: it
regulates and stabilises market relations, harmonises
the interests of the state and private actors, safeguards
rights, and exercises a preventive influence against
malpractice. Notably, the legal regulation of business
licensing relies upon the dual methodological toolkit
of economic law, combining imperative norms with
dispositive mechanisms to balance state oversight and
entrepreneurial autonomy. The article concludes that
the legislative provisions governing licensing occupy
a pivotal position within the corpus of Ukraine’s
economic legislation, underpinning both the
coherence of the legal system and the resilience of the national economy.

Keywords: economic order, economic security, economic-law influence, fair competition, legal regulation, licensing of business activities, scope of economic law.

FEATURES OF PASSING THE PUBLIC SERVICE IN THE MODERN PERIOD OF STATE-BUILDING (ANALYSIS OF SERVICE-LABOR RELATIONS)

O. Valetska — 2025-09-12

The article provides a comprehensive study of
the peculiarities of public service in the modern period
of the State-building based on the analysis of scientific
works by leading legal scholars and specialists in the
field of public administration. In the structure of the
mechanism of the State as an integral, hierarchical
and dynamic system, a special role is played by the
State apparatus as a carrier of State power. One of the
characteristic features of the state apparatus is its
staff, which is formed by civil servants engaged in
management on a professional basis, but with certain
specifics of their legal status. The development of our
state during martial law and the post-war period will
largely depend on the efficiency of the state apparatus,
on the professionalism, honesty, competence,
responsibility and zero tolerance to corruption of civil
servants. This has led to the relevance of studying the
specifics of civil service in the modern period of statebuilding.
The purpose of the article is to study the
specifics of the civil service in Ukraine in the modern
period of state-building. Since the civil service is an
integral attribute of the State power and, therefore, of
the State, the article provides a historical analysis of
the legislative regulation of the civil service in
different periods of formation of our Statehood and,
based on scientific works, identifies the periods of
development of the civil service and the stages of
development of the civil service in Ukraine during the
period of independence: 1) in 1993-1999, the
foundations for the development of the modern civil
service were created; 2) in 2000-2004, the directions
of reform and further development of the civil service
were determined, and a scientific program for
researching the development of the civil service was
launched; 3) since 2005, the implementation of the
Civil Service Development Program for 2005-2010
continued, measures were taken to adapt the civil
service to the principles of organization of the
European Administrative Area; 4) from 2011-2015,
the Law of Ukraine “On Civil Service” of 10.12.2015
was adopted; 5) from 2015 - 24. 02.2022 is
characterized by significant changes caused by the
reform of the civil service, the adoption of the new
Strategy for Reforming Public Administration of
Ukraine for 2022-2025; 6) from February 24, 2022 -
the present - the stage of functioning of the civil
service under martial law.
The status of such a subject of service and labor
relations as a civil servant is ensured by a set of
interrelated laws and bylaws, which create
organizational and legal grounds for the proper
implementation and effective protection of their labor
rights by civil servants as employees in the course of
service and labor activities in a particular state body.
And this feature of the legal status of a civil servant is
enshrined, first of all, in the process of recruitment to
the civil service, which includes special conditions
regarding citizenship, education, establishment of
certain restrictions and prohibitions, requirements for
professional competence, probation, oath and, in some cases, peculiarities of contracting.

Keywords: state apparatus, state-building, labor relations, labor rights, civil service, legal regulation, labor, principles, legal status.

SAFEGUARDING HUMAN RIGHTS DURING THE ENTRY OF INFORMATION INTO THE UNIFIED REGISTER OF PRE-TRIAL INVESTIGATIONS

H. Hrytsenko — 2025-09-12

The article examines the processes of creation
and functioning of the Unified Register of Pre-trial
Investigations (hereinafter - the URPTI). Based on the
analysis of the practice of its application, the author
outlines both positive aspects and factors which may
have a negative impact on the course of criminal
proceedings, in particular, on the initial stage of pretrial
investigation. The study examines the history of
the URPTI, analyses the state of research on this issue
by Ukrainian scholars, and summarises the case law
on these issues. The author identifies a number of
problematic aspects of the functioning of the URPTI,
in particular, conflicts between the Criminal
Procedure Code of Ukraine (hereinafter - the CPC of
Ukraine) and other laws of Ukraine. The author
reveals the problematic issues related to the
processing of anonymous reports, the legal nature of
minor acts, registration of crimes committed by a
specific individual or legal entity, as well as the use of
the URPTI during martial law and military
operations. The author proposes to introduce
artificial intelligence technologies to optimise the
functioning of the URPTI. The author emphasises the
need to harmonise the provisions of the CPC of
Ukraine with international legal standards, in
particular, the International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights and the norms of European law, in
order to ensure the rule of law and procedural equality of the parties in criminal proceedings.

Key words: Criminal procedure code of Ukraine, Unified register of pre-trial investigations, right to defence, law enforcement agencies, information.

TAX ETHICS AND LEGAL MECHANISMS: WAYS TO EFFECTIVELY COMBAT TAX EVASION IN UKRAINE

V. Horielova — 2025-09-12

The article is devoted to analysing the
relationship between tax ethics and legal mechanisms
for combating tax evasion in Ukraine, as key factors
determining the efficiency of the tax system in the
current socio-economic context. At the centre of the
study are the theoretical and methodological
foundations of tax ethics, factors influencing its
formation, as well as the regulatory framework and
organisational structure of state policy concerning the
detection and prevention of tax offences. The article
substantiates the thesis that a high level of tax culture
of the population not only promotes voluntary
fulfilment of tax obligations, but also significantly
affects the effectiveness of law enforcement, reduces
public tolerance to offences in this area and
strengthens the authority of state institutions.
It is emphasised that the isolated application of
punitive mechanisms, without due attention to
formulating the ethical foundation of tax relations, is
ineffective and even counterproductive, as it fails to
ensure sustainable outcomes. Tax ethics is viewed as a
complex phenomenon shaped by historical, cultural,
social and economic prerequisites, which requires a
targeted state policy in the field of education, public
awareness, and the creation of transparent and fair conditions for fulfilling tax obligations.

Attention is drawn to the fact that the current
system for combating tax offences in Ukraine faces a
number of significant challenges. These include legal
fragmentation, excessive complexity of legislation,
lack of consistent court practice in cases of tax crimes,
and limited institutional capacity of the controlling
authorities. An important aspect is the presence of
internal corruption in the tax system itself, which
undermines taxpayers' trust in the state and offsets the
potential of even effectively written legislative norms.
The importance of introducing digital technologies,
such as e-audit, big data analytics, and automated risk
management systems, as tools to increase
transparency and reduce the subjective factor in tax
administration is also emphasised.
The need is noted to reform not only the legal
framework but also the managerial approaches to
shaping the relationship between the state and the
taxpayer. In this context, the experience of countries
with a high level of tax discipline (in particular, Scandinavian countries, Germany, and Canada)
demonstrates the effectiveness of the ‘soft
enforcement’ model, which combines elements of
service orientation, partnership, and moral
responsibility. Such a model can be adapted to the
Ukrainian context, provided that there is
comprehensive institutional reform, political will and
sustained cross-sectoral dialogue.
It is substantiated that only a harmonious
combination of legal, organisational, and
informational-educational measures can ensure a
genuine reduction in the level of tax evasion. A
comprehensive model for counteracting tax offences is
proposed, which includes the improvement of
legislation, the digitalisation of fiscal control, the
enhancement of professional integrity and efficiency
of supervisory bodies, as well as the cultivation of a
high level of tax awareness within society. It is
emphasised that reducing fiscal pressure on
businesses, enhancing budgetary transparency, and
promoting voluntary tax compliance are key
conditions for building a long-term effective tax
system. In conclusion, the article presents a holistic
vision of tax policy as a synthesis of ethical values and
legal standards within the context of building a financially stable and socially responsible state.

Keywords: tax ethics, tax evasion, tax culture, legal mechanisms, tax legislation, fiscal discipline, tax control.

INSTITUTIONAL SYSTEM FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE RIGHT TO WORK: INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE, CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION

O.V. Hrebenar — 2025-09-12

The right to work is one of the basic socioeconomic
human rights enshrined in the constitutions
of most modern states. Effective protection of this right
requires the creation of a comprehensive institutional
system that should ensure not only the declarative
proclamation of labor rights, but also their real
guarantee through a set of legal, organizational and
procedural mechanisms.
The institutional system of protection of the right
to work is a multi-level structure that includes
constitutional foundations, specialized labor
legislation, the judicial system, administrative bodies
and alternative methods of resolving labor disputes.
The theoretical justification of this system is based on
the principles of constitutionalism, the concept of a
legal state and the doctrine of social rights, which
determines methodological approaches to analyzing
the effectiveness of institutional mechanisms.
The constitutional theory of labor rights
protection is based on the recognition of labor as the
basis of human and society's life, which necessitates
the creation of state guarantees of labor rights of
citizens. The constitutional enshrining of the right to
work implies not only freedom of choice of profession
and type of activity, but also the obligation of the state
to provide conditions for the implementation of this
right, including protection from unemployment, the
creation of fair working conditions and social
protection of employees.

The practical implementation of the institutional
system of labor rights protection faces a number of
challenges associated with the transformation of the
modern labor market, the development of nonstandard
forms of employment, the digitalization of
labor relations and the globalization of the economy.
These processes require the adaptation of existing
institutional mechanisms and the creation of new
instruments for the protection of labor rights that can
function effectively in changing socio-economic
conditions.
An analysis of foreign experience indicates a
variety of approaches to building institutional systems
for the protection of labor rights, which is due to
differences in legal traditions, economic models and
social systems. Comparative legal analysis allows
identifying the most effective practices and
mechanisms that can be adapted to national
conditions, taking into account the specifics of the
legal system and the socio-economic development of
the country.
Improving the institutional system for protecting
the right to work requires a comprehensive approach,
including modernizing the legal framework,
strengthening institutional mechanisms, increasing
the efficiency of law enforcement practice, and
developing alternative means of protecting labor
rights. Particular attention should be paid to the creation of preventive protection mechanisms, the development of social partnership, and the formation of a culture of respect for labor rights in society, which will contribute to a more effective implementation of constitutional principles in the field of labor relations.

Keywords: right to work, institutional system of protection, constitutional theory, labor rights, legal guarantees, socio-economic rights, labor legislation, judicial protection, administrative mechanisms, alternative dispute resolution methods, rule of law, social partnership, labor relations, state employment guarantees, unemployment protection, working conditions.

PROBLEM ASPECTS OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY REGULATION IN REMOTE EMPLOYMENT: NATIONAL LEGISLATION AND EU EXPERIENCE

Yu. Ivchuk — 2025-09-12

The article examines challenges of occupational
safety and health (OSH) in remote employment in
Ukraine under conditions of martial law. It is
emphasised that since 2022 remote work has become
a stable practice; however, provisions of the Labour
Code of Ukraine and the Law of Ukraine “On
Occupational Safety” effectively shift responsibility
for a safe workplace to the employee and do not
establish mechanisms for employer-led risk assessment and control. The neglect of psychosocial
factors (stress, burnout) creates a legal vacuum and a
gap with EU standards.
The author analyses domestic norms and legal
doctrine and compares them with the EU Framework
Agreement on Telework (2002) and its implementation
in EU Member States (France, Spain, Germany).
Examples of foreign solutions that enhance the safety
of remote workers are provided: the presumption of
the occupational nature of accidents occurring during
telework (France); mandatory risk assessment with
the possibility of self-assessment subject to the
worker’s consent (Spain); the extension of general
OSH rules to home workplaces and the distinction
between telework and mobile work (Germany).
The advantages of the European model—
prioritising employer duties—are outlined: systematic
risk management, provision of equipment and
coverage of related costs, the introduction of the
“right to disconnect”, and measures to prevent worker
isolation.
Based on comparative analysis, the article
concludes that the Ukrainian approach is limited: it
minimises employer involvement, does not regulate
the classification of accidents, and lacks tools for
preventing psychosocial risks. It is established that
current legislation requires harmonisation with EU
standards.
The author substantiates the expediency of:
enshrining the employer’s duty to ensure safe working
conditions regardless of the place of work; introducing
initial and periodic risk assessment (including selfassessment
checklists); and improving the procedure
for investigating accidents, taking into account
European approaches, inter alia.
The conclusions stress that implementing the
proposed changes will reduce injuries and burnout,
enhance legal certainty for business, and promote the European integration of Ukraine’s labour legislation.

Keywords: remote work; telework; occupational safety and health; employment contract; international standards; labour legislation; labour relations; martial law; harmonisation.

COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN UKRAINE AND ABROAD

O.A. Kanskyі — 2025-09-12

The article is devoted to a comprehensive
analysis of criminal liability for domestic violence in
Ukraine in the context of recent legislative changes
and international legal standards. It examines the
genesis of legal regulation of domestic violence,
including the adoption of Article 126-1 of the Criminal
Code of Ukraine, which establishes criminal liability
for systematic physical, psychological, and economic
abuse within family or close relationships. The
influence of Ukraine’s international obligations,
particularly the provisions of the Istanbul Convention,
on the criminalization of domestic violence and the
development of national legislation is analyzed in
detail. Attention is paid to the correlation between
criminal and administrative measures for responding
to cases of domestic violence, with the main problems
of law enforcement practice identified, especially
regarding the proof of systematic abusive behavior.
The article also presents a comparative legal
analysis of approaches to criminal liability for
domestic violence in a number of foreign countries,
including the USA, Canada, France, Germany, Spain,
Sweden, and Norway. Special attention is given to the
study of legislative models, the role of protective
orders, rehabilitation programs for offenders, and
mechanisms for protecting victims. Both the positive
aspects of international experience and the potential
risks of its direct application in Ukraine’s context are
highlighted.
Based on the conducted research, the article
proposes directions for improving criminal law
mechanisms for combating domestic violence in
Ukraine, including clarifying the definition of the crime, enhancing the effectiveness of protective measures, increasing criminal penalties, and developing a comprehensive system of social support for victims. The necessity of ensuring systematic scientific support for reforms in the field of combating domestic violence and actively applying positive international practices, taking into account national specifics, is substantiated.

Keywords: domestic violence; foreign experience; legislation; international standards; law enforcement; criminal liability; Article 126-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine; Istanbul Convention.

MECHANISM FOR COUNTERING AND PREVENTING MOBING IN UKRAINE: AMENDMENTS TO LABOR LEGISLATION THAT PROVIDE EFFECTIVE AND EFFECTIVE PROTECTION OF EMPLOYEES' RIGHTS

O.O. Kovalenko — 2025-09-12

The article examines the mechanism of
combating and preventing mobbing, identifying its
individual elements in order to ensure effective and
efficient protection of employees' rights. The author
emphasizes that the pro-European development
strategy of Ukraine necessitates the harmonization of
labor legislation with European standards, which
includes, in particular, ensuring a favorable
psychological environment in the workplace. An
important component of this process is legislative
regulation and practical counteraction to mobbing,
which is becoming widespread in Ukrainian labor
collectives. Official statistics of the State Labor
Service confirm the increase in the number of appeals
regarding cases of harassment in the workplace,
which indicates serious threats to both the physical
and mental health of employees and the efficiency of
production processes. The consequences of mobbing
are a decrease in labor productivity, an increase in the
level of staff turnover, and a negative impact on the
economic performance of enterprises. It is emphasized
that the recognition of the need to create a safe
psychological climate in labor collectives has become
a key stage in the development of labor legislation
focused on European standards. Particular attention
is paid to the introduction of the definition of
“mobbing” into the Labor Code of Ukraine and the
consolidation of state legal guarantees for the legal
protection of employees from psychological and
economic pressure. It is substantiated that mobbing is
a type of discrimination, but has specific features, in
particular, the systematicity, duration and
purposefulness of actions aimed at degrading the
dignity and violating the personal non-property rights
of the employee. The conclusion is made about the
importance of state legal guarantees as the foundation
for the protection of human rights, especially in the
context of modern challenges associated with social
transformations and armed aggression against
Ukraine. It is emphasized that the adaptation of
Ukrainian labor legislation to European standards not
only ensures the protection of the honor, dignity and
business reputation of employees, but also strengthens
the rule of law and citizens’ trust in state institutions.
Legislative regulation and practical counteraction to
mobbing have become an important stage in the
development of Ukrainian labor law, oriented towards
European standards. The definition of mobbing in the
Labor Code of Ukraine, the consolidation of its
definition, forms of manifestation and measures of
responsibility create the basis for the formation of an effective mechanism for protecting employees from
psychological and economic pressure. A three-tiered
system of guarantees has been introduced: preventive
measures, response tools in the process of labor
relations and means of restoring rights after their
violation - all of them provide a comprehensive nature
of legal protection. Such an approach not only contributes to the creation of a safe and favorable psychological climate in teams, but also strengthens the rule of law, citizens' trust in state institutions and social stability in society.

Keywords: mobbing, labor relations, employee, employer, honor, dignity, business reputation, psychological pressure, economic pressure, court decision.

ENSURING FAIR WORKING CONDITIONS AND PROTECTING EMPLOYEES’ RIGHTS IN THE DIGITAL ERA: LEGISLATIVE INITIATIVES AND JUDICIAL PRACTICE

I.Yu. Kotliarova — 2025-09-12

The article examines the legal regulation and
protection of labor rights amid digital transformation,
analyzed through the lens of legislative initiatives and
judicial practice. The author highlights the
interdisciplinary nature of this issue and the need for
systematic, forward-looking legislative reform. The
study notes that the adaptation of legislation to
technological changes is slow, resulting in a “digital
divide” and heightened risk zones for employees.
Particular focus is given to protecting the rights of gig
employees, especially concerning algorithmic
management and misclassification. Internationally,
the International Labour Organization (ILO) and
European legislation, notably the Platform Work
Directive, play a pivotal role. Despite significant
progress in digitalization, Ukrainian legislation still
requires enhancement to strengthen employees’ labor
rights protection. Analysis of judicial practice in
Ukraine and the European Court of Human Rights
(ECHR) reveals a trend toward safeguarding
employees’ rights, particularly regarding the legality of remote work and personal data confidentiality. However, challenges persist, including limitations in the authority of supervisory bodies. The article underscores that ensuring decent work in the digital era is a fundamental legal task, reflecting the quality of public policy and the maturity of a state’s legal system, necessitating comprehensive labor law reform.

Keywords: digitalization, digital economy, digital platforms, labor rights, rights protection, labor relations, remote work, digital environment, employees, legal regulation, legislative improvement, judicial practice, labor market.

DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE LABOR MARKET: KEY SKILLS, COMPETENCIES, AND TRENDS IN EMPLOYEES' PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT

L.V. Kotova — 2025-09-12

The article analyzes the key skills, competencies,
and trends in the professional development of
employees in the context of modern digital
transformation. The authors emphasize that
digitalization fundamentally changes the labor
market, creating new challenges and opportunities. In
particular, it is highlighted that a successful "new type
of employee" must possess not only professional (hard
skills) but also flexible (soft skills), as well as digital,
cognitive, and socio-emotional skills. The transition
from the concept of "lifelong learning" to "career-long
learning" is underscored, indicating the necessity of
continuous professional development. Special
attention is devoted to the analysis of issues related to
legal regulation and motivation of employees'
professional development in Ukraine, as well as the
importance of supporting and reintegrating specific
social groups into the labor market, including
internally displaced persons (IDPs), migrants, and
war veterans. The conclusion is drawn that the
creation of adaptation programs providing necessary resources and support is a critical task for society and businesses, enabling veterans to successfully return to civilian life and contributing to the development of the national economy.

Keywords: digitalization, information and communication technologies (ICT), artificial intelligence (AI), employee, legal regulation, improvement of legislation, professional development, employer, labor law, labor rights of employees, labor relations, labor market, digital skills, digital transformation.

PROHIBITION OF DISCRIMINATION IN THE SYSTEM OF GUARANTEES OF ENSURING THE EMPLOYEE'S RIGHT TO DECENT WORK

A.V. Lapkin — 2025-09-12

The article analyzes the prohibition of
discrimination in terms of its role in the system of
guarantees ensuring the right of employees to decent
work. The relevance of the chosen topic is due to the
fact that the prohibition of discrimination is one of the
key guarantees for the realization of the right to work,
including the right of employees to decent work and
proper treatment by employers. At the same time, in
practice, compliance with the prohibition of
discrimination has a number of problems, in
particular: the complexity of establishing and proving
facts of discrimination; misunderstanding of the
content and limits of the prohibition of discrimination;
lack of established judicial practice in considering
cases of discrimination, etc. This makes it important
to study the role of the prohibition of discrimination in
the system of guarantees for the right of employees to
decent work.
The purpose of this scientific article is to clarify
the role of the prohibition of discrimination in the
system of guarantees ensuring the right of employees
to decent work, which will allow identifying gaps in
legal regulation and law enforcement, determining the
optimal ways to overcome them, and contributing to
the strengthening of labor relations in accordance
with international standards.
It is justified that the general prohibition of
discrimination established at the international and
national levels is one of the fundamental guarantees
of human rights and the principle of equality, which,
in turn, is a prerequisite for the sustainable
development of a democratic society based on the rule
of law and humanism. In the field of labor relations,
the realization of an individual's right to work largely
depends on compliance with the principle of equality
and the prohibition of discrimination.
It is argued that in the system of guarantees
ensuring the right of an employee to decent work, the
prohibition of discrimination plays a system-forming
role, ensuring, on the one hand, the subjective right of
the employee to equal and decent treatment by the
employer, and on the other hand, the implementation
of the concept of decent work as a common good,
rather than a privilege of certain categories of
employees.
At the same time, the prohibition of
discrimination in connection with the employee's right
to decent work does not acquire any specificity,
remaining one of the general principles of the right to
work as such. Violation of the prohibition of
discrimination in the field of labor will mean a
violation of both the right to decent work and the right
to work in general in the system of constitutional
rights and freedoms of the individual. At the same
time, the prohibition of discrimination has certain
limits, which are determined by the balance of
legitimate interests of the employee, employer, and
society.
It was concluded that systematic counteraction to discrimination in the field of labor requires further development of organizational and legal mechanisms focused on clarification, mediation, and establishing positive communication between employees and employers. Trade unions should play an important role in this.

Keywords: prohibition of discrimination, right to work, right to decent work, employee's right to decent treatment by the employer, legal guarantees, employee, employer, labor rights, labor obligations.

INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSON AS A SUBJECT OF SOCIAL PROTECTION IN UKRAINE

D.A. Lisov — 2025-09-12

The article examines the legislative and
scientific understanding of an internally displaced
person through the prism of identifying certain key
features that characterize this category of persons. It is concluded that an internally displaced person is a
new challenge for legislative and executive
authorities, since they require special attention from
the state in matters of their normal life, social
protection and social security. It is emphasized that
the problem of the appearance of internally displaced
persons has significantly affected the functioning of
society as a whole, since this category of persons
requires protection, and therefore appropriate
financial resources to meet their needs. It is noted that
our state in the first waves of mass displacement of
people from the combat zone was not fully prepared
for such a resettlement, which was expressed in the
lack of a coordinated policy between state authorities,
local governments, the people themselves, etc. Special
attention is paid to the fact that the concept of
"internally displaced person" although enshrined at
the level of the Law of Ukraine "On Ensuring the
Rights and Freedoms of Internally Displaced
Persons", however, the understanding of this category
of persons has not been fully disclosed and unified. At
the scientific level, there is also no unity in the
understanding of the specified concept, and the
positions of scientists are based on the allocation of
one or another feature that most fully characterizes a
person as internally displaced. In fact, this means that
in practice there may be a violation of the rights of
IDPs, failure to provide them with appropriate social
protection and security.
The key features of internally displaced persons
from the point of view of social protection subjects are:
1) they are special subjects of social protection from
the state; 2) this is a category of persons who need
special state social security from all spheres of public
life; 3) the need for social protection is associated with
the emergence of certain objective reasons and
problems that did not depend on the will and desire of
persons who are forced to relocate; 4) the status of an
internally displaced person as a subject of social
protection is not associated with Ukrainian
citizenship; 5) the duality of the legal status of
internally displaced persons; 6) the presence of rights
and obligations; 7) special procedures for
implementing certain actions for IDPs. The emphasis
is on the importance of further shaping state policy
towards IDPs, improving aspects of their social
protection and provision, understanding the
importance and timeliness of implementing actions regarding social support for IDPs.

Keywords: internally displaced person, social protection, state, state policy, social assistance.

PROBLEM ASPECTS OF FULFILLING OBLIGATIONS UNDER AN EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT ON TELEWORK

S.S. Sevostyanov — 2025-09-12

The article examines the problem of proper
performance of contractual duties by the parties to a
remote work agreement.
It highlights the growing number of labour
disputes caused by the employer’s lack of physical
oversight, blurred boundaries of working time, and
difficulties in documenting work results. The author
analyses the provisions of the Labour Code of
Ukraine, the Standard Form of an Employment
Agreement on Remote Work, legal doctrine and case
law, including Supreme Court decisions from the postpandemic
and martial-law periods.
Typical disputes are illustrated: disciplinary
sanctions without clear evaluation criteria, refusal to
pay wages, violations of the right to privacy,
uncertainty regarding material and technical support,
and cybersecurity risks.
The advantages of a contractual model are
outlined—one that specifies the employee’s labour
function, procedures for task assignment and
reporting, channels of communication and
acknowledgement of instructions, an availability
schedule and the “right to disconnect,” as well as the
allocation of responsibilities for equipment,
reimbursements, and information-security standards.
Based on comparative-legal analysis and the
review of case law, the article concludes that the
current regulation is limited: it minimises tools for
enforcing discipline and transparent time accounting,
leaves gaps in evidencing the performance of work,
and fails to ensure proportional monitoring.
The author substantiates the need to standardise
contractual clauses and methodological guidance,
and to introduce digital tools (electronic reporting)
with guarantees of proportional oversight.
In conclusion, it is emphasised that
comprehensive alignment of legislation, contractual
practice and judicial approaches will reduce conflict,
enhance legal certainty, and ensure a fair balance of interests between employee and employer.

Keywords: remote work; remote employment; employment contract; contractual duties; labour discipline; right to disconnect; material and technical support; case law; martial law.

INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS IN THE FIELD OF PROTECTION AND SECURITY PRACTICES: NATIONAL STANDARD AND ADAPTATION IN THE ASPECT OF HARMONIZATION OF NATIONAL LEGISLATION

E. Stanishevskiy — 2025-09-12

The article іn the current conditions of Ukraine's
development, globalization and integration processes,
during martial law, ensuring occupational safety and
health becomes a priority at the national level.
Standards in this area determine the basic
requirements for the protection and safety of workers'
lives and health (including psychological), the
working environment, and the prevention of
occupational injuries, especially in conditions of
endless shelling and other manifestations of armed
aggression. European countries and international
organizations, in particular the International Labor
Organization (ILO), ISO, and the European Union,
are actively implementing and developing systems of
standards in the field of occupational safety and
health, which have universal significance and
application. Our state is in the process of reforming
national legislation, especially regarding
occupational safety. Therefore, it is important to adapt
such standards to our internal legal and socioeconomic
realities. Striving for European integration,
Ukraine must harmonize its labor legislation with
international standards, in particular ILO conventions
and EU directives.
That is, the purpose of this article is to analyze
the state of international standards in the field of
occupational safety and health, study the degree of their adaptation in national legislation and identify key prospects for harmonizing the regulatory framework.

Keywords: occupational safety, occupational safety, professional safety, legal regulation, international standards, labor legislation, labor relations, labor law, ILO, martial law, harmonization, adaptation.

MODERNIZATION OF UKRAINIAN LABOR LEGISLATION IN THE CONTEXT OF NON-STANDARD EMPLOYMENT: NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL GUIDELINES

H.V. Tatarenko — 2025-09-12

The article explores the legal nature of nonstandard
forms of employment amid the
transformation of the labor market, martial law,
digitalization, and social changes in Ukraine. The
author analyzes theoretical approaches to the concept
of non-standard employment, identifies its key types
(remote, home-based, flexible, temporary, and
platform work), and outlines the main challenges
faced by the state, employers, and workers. The
influence of international standards—ILO
Conventions and Recommendations, as well as EU
directives—on the formation of national policies in the
regulation of atypical forms of labor is examined.
The paper includes a review of relevant judicial
practice, particularly decisions of the Supreme Court
of Ukraine and landmark foreign rulings (e.g., Uber
BV v Aslam), which impact the classification of labor
relations in the digital environment.
The author substantiates the need to update the
Labor Code of Ukraine in light of new labor realities
and proposes specific amendments to its articles in
accordance with the rules of legal drafting. The
conclusion is drawn that non-standard employment is
no longer a peripheral phenomenon but a stable
component of the labor market, necessitating a fair, flexible, and inclusive model of legal regulation.

Keywords: remote work, martial law, distance employment, digitisation of labour rights, remote worker, international standards, International Labour Organization, non-standard employment, labor contract, labor relations.

MODERN RECRUITMENT SYSTEMS IN THE ARMED FORCES: EXPERIENCE OF EUROPE, THE USA, AND PROSPECTS FOR UKRAINE

H.V. Tatarenko — 2025-09-12

This article presents a comprehensive analysis
of modern military recruitment systems in the Armed
Forces of the European Union countries, the United
States, and the United Kingdom. It explores key
approaches to attracting military personnel, including
the widespread use of digital technologies to optimize
recruitment procedures, the implementation of
motivational programs to enhance the attractiveness
of military service, the integration of gender equality
principles, and the professionalization of personnel
training. The paper examines successful cases of
voluntary army staffing systems in France, Italy,
Poland, the USA, and the UK, highlighting how these
models are adapted to contemporary security
challenges. Special attention is paid to the role of
recruitment centers and the application of innovative
strategies to engage young citizens.
The study outlines the current state of
recruitment in Ukraine amid the full-scale war
initiated by the Russian Federation. It analyzes key
achievements, such as the activation of contract
enlistment, the digitalization of recruitment
procedures through national platforms, the reform of
Territorial Recruitment and Social Support Centers,
and the intensification of public information
campaigns. At the same time, critical challenges are
identified: corruption risks in recruitment structures, insufficient motivation among young people,
shortcomings in social security systems for
servicemen, and the lack of transparency in
mobilization procedures. The article emphasizes the
urgent need to complete ongoing reforms, implement
comprehensive motivational programs, and provide
robust social guarantees for military personnel.
The necessity for systematic legal research on
recruitment regulation in Ukraine is substantiated. It is proposed to develop a national concept for the advancement of recruitment based on the best international practices, adapted to the realities of wartime. Particular emphasis is placed on the need to harmonize Ukraine’s recruitment system with NATO and EU standards to strengthen the country's defense capabilities and support its Euro-Atlantic integration.

Keywords: Armed Forces of Ukraine, army professionalization, digitalization, gender equality, international experience, legal regulation, military service, mobilization, motivational programs, recruitment, reform, social guarantees.

CURRENT ASPECTS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SOCIAL GUARANTEES UNDER MARTIAL LAW IN UKRAINE

D.V. Tatarenko — 2025-09-12

The article is devoted to a comprehensive
analysis of the peculiarities of the realization of social
guarantees under martial law in Ukraine, taking into
account the period of the 2018 martial law
introduction and the context of the full-scale Russian
aggression against Ukraine since February 24, 2022.
It examines the main constitutional provisions
establishing the right of citizens to social protection
and mechanisms for their realization under conditions
of restriction of rights and freedoms. Special attention
is paid to changes in Ukrainian legislation adopted to
adapt social policy to the realities of war, including
the Laws of Ukraine «On the Legal Regime of Martial
Law» and «On the Organization of Labor Relations
under Martial Law». The influence of international
law, in particular the norms of the International
Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
and the case law of the ECHR on ensuring minimum
standards of social protection even in emergency
conditions, is analyzed. Examples of Ukrainian
judicial practice regarding the protection of social
rights during wartime are provided. The experience of
France, Israel, the USA, and Sweden in guaranteeing
social rights during crises is studied. Based on the
conducted analysis, specific proposals for improving
Ukrainian legislation have been developed:
enshrining the principle of non-reducibility of social
rights during martial law, improving the mechanisms
for issuing protective orders, and optimizing
procedures for social support for internally displaced
persons and war veterans. The importance of
integrating the best international practices while considering national specifics is emphasized. The article substantiates the need for a combination of legislative improvement, administrative efficiency, and enhanced parliamentary control over the preservation of social guarantees during crises.

Keywords: digitalization; emergency circumstances; European Social Charter (ESC); extraordinary circumstances; internally displaced persons (IDPs); international standards; labor rights; martial law; pension provision; social guarantees; social protection; social services; the right to social protection.

COLLECTION AND VERIFICATION OF EVIDENCE IN PROCEEDINGS ON WAR CRIMES: THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS

I.V. Tatarenko — 2025-09-12

The article is devoted to an in-depth study of the legal issues surrounding the collection and verification of evidence in the context of holding individuals criminally responsible for war crimes. The
research focuses on the development of Ukraine’s
national legislation since 2014, under the impact of
the Russian Federation’s armed aggression, and
examines international legal standards and practical
approaches from specific countries — Israel, Iraq,
Afghanistan, and Germany. Based on the analysis of
the Criminal Code of Ukraine, the Criminal
Procedure Code of Ukraine, the Rome Statute of the
International Criminal Court, the Geneva
Conventions, national criminal codes of foreign states,
and the case law of the European Court of Human
Rights, the article identifies the key challenges facing
law enforcement in documenting war crimes.
Particular attention is paid to the procedural aspects
of collecting digital, documentary, and victim
testimony evidence, as well as the authentication
process necessary for judicial proceedings.
The study highlights the problems associated
with the loss of evidence due to the destruction of
crime scenes, witness intimidation, limited access to
conflict zones, and the inadequacy of international
cooperation mechanisms. The admissibility standards
for evidence, both in international and national
judicial practices, are systematically analyzed,
especially in the context of the prohibition against the
use of evidence obtained in violation of human rights.
The experience of conducting investigations in postconflict
regions is examined. Specific
recommendations for improving Ukrainian legislation
are proposed: detailing the elements of war crimes
within the Criminal Code, establishing specialized
units for evidence collection, improving procedural
rules on handling digital evidence, and
institutionalizing international cooperation in
criminal proceedings concerning war crimes. The
practical proposals aim to enhance the effectiveness
of documenting war crimes and to ensure fair trials in compliance with international justice standards.

Keywords: war crimes, evidence collection, verification, criminal responsibility, international law, Ukraine, ECtHR, international experience, procedural safeguards, law of evidence.

GUARANTEES OF ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL SUPPORT OF SPECIAL LEGAL REGIMES IN UKRAINE

V. Tsytsyura — 2025-09-12

In the context of the full-scale armed aggression
of the russian federation, the introduction of martial
law and the need to counter hybrid threats (terrorism,
sabotage, cyber attacks, information wars), this topic
is of paramount importance.
Special legal regimes, such as martial law,
inevitably involve restrictions on the constitutional
rights and freedoms of citizens and the expansion of
powers of state authorities and military command.
That is why it is extremely important to develop and
effectively operate a system of administrative and
legal guarantees that is to ensure compliance with the
rule of law and legality, prevent abuse of power and
abuse of authority by officials, including effective
protection of human rights and freedoms under
restrictions and restoration of public confidence in
state institutions.
The study of this topic is critically important for
the formation of the rule of law in Ukraine, its
European integration course and compliance with
European standards in the field of human rights and
public administration. Studying and improving the
mechanisms of administrative and legal guarantees
will not only allow us to respond effectively to current
challenges but also lay a solid foundation for post-war reconstruction and sustainable development of the
country. This is not just a list of guarantees, but a
comprehensive set of interrelated instruments aimed
at preserving constitutional order, human rights and
democratic principles in emergency circumstances.
The guarantees of administrative and legal
support are not isolated norms, but constitute an
interconnected system covering different levels:
constitutional guarantees directly enshrined in
the Сonstitution of Ukraine (for example, Article 64 of
the Constitution of Ukraine, which defines an
exhaustive list of rights that cannot be restricted);
legislative guarantees detailed in the laws of
Ukraine (On the Legal Regime of Martial Law, On the
Legal Regime of the State of Emergency, etc.) These
laws establish the procedures for introducing,
maintaining and cancelling martial law, the limits of
restrictions, the powers of the authorities and liability;
subordinate legislation guarantees, which are
set out in bylaws that update legislative norms and
develop mechanisms for their implementation
(resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine,
presidential decrees, departmental orders);
procedural guarantees, which guarantee clarity
and transparency of decision-making, appeal, and
public information procedures. They are aimed at
preventing arbitrariness on the part of the state and
ensuring that citizens have the opportunity to properly
protect their rights and freedoms;
judicial guarantees, which guarantee the right of
citizens to judicial protection, effective judicial control
over decisions and actions of state authorities
operating under special legal regimes;
parliamentary guarantees, which provide for
control of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine over the
activities of executive authorities and military
command, in particular through special commissions,
parliamentary inquiries, approval of presidential
decrees;
international legal guarantees, which allow
citizens to apply to international judicial and quasijudicial
bodies (e.g., the European Court of Human
Rights) in case of exhaustion of national remedies;
public guarantees, which envisage a special role
for civil society, human rights organisations and the
media in monitoring human rights and informing the
public about possible violations.
In the context of a full-scale war, Ukraine is
facing unprecedented challenges that require
continuous improvement of the system of guarantees,
which include the following:
finding an optimal balance between the security
of the state and the freedom of citizens. At the same
time, restrictions imposed under special legal regimes
should be justified and not lead to authoritarian
tendencies;
adaptation of the state to hybrid threats, which
involves developing guarantees that will work
effectively in the context of information wars,
cyberattacks, and hybrid operations, where
traditional approaches may be insufficient;
post-war settlement, which implies the need to
review and possibly modify some temporary norms
introduced during martial law to ensure a rapid return
to normal functioning of society;
European integration, which implies further
bringing national legislation and practice of applying
special legal regimes in line with the standards of the
European Union and the Council of Europe, in
particular the case law of the European Court of
Human Rights.
A deep understanding of these aspects will allow not only to respond effectively to current challenges, but also to build a strong system of administrative and legal guarantees that will ensure stability, legality and protection of human rights in Ukraine in any crisis.

Keywords: special legal regimes, martial law, state of emergency, environmental emergency zone, legal regime, administrative and legal support, guarantees, legal guarantees, restrictions on rights and freedoms, national security, hybrid threats, rule of law, judicial control, parliamentary control, liability of officials, proportionality of restrictions, European integration, post-war settlement.

ON THE ISSUE OF LEGAL SUPPORT FOR PARADIPLOMACY IN UKRAINE: CURRENT STATE AND DIRECTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT

H.V. Tatarenko — 2025-09-12

The article examines the current state of legal
support for paradiplomatic activity in Ukraine, taking
into account the dynamics of decentralization
processes, the country’s European integration
trajectory, and the challenges of wartime conditions.
It is noted that paradiplomacy—as a form of external
activity of local self-government bodies and regional
authorities—is gradually acquiring a systemic nature,
while simultaneously facing a number of legal,
institutional, and procedural constraints. The article
analyzes the main legislative acts regulating
international interaction at the subnational level,
including the Law of Ukraine “On International
Territorial Cooperation,” the Law “On Foreign
Economic Activity,” and other related regulatory
documents. The authors emphasize the fragmented
nature of the current legal framework, the absence of
a unified registry of agreements concluded by local
authorities, and the need for better coordination from
central executive bodies, particularly the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs. The article proposes directions for
improving the legal mechanism of paradiplomacy in
Ukraine, including the codification of relevant
competences, the creation of a specialized unit within
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the simplification of
procedures for participation in international
programs, and the inclusion of regional international
cooperation as a priority in national regional
development policy. It is concluded that legal
modernization of paradiplomacy is a necessary condition for its further development as a tool for strengthening the international subjectivity of Ukrainian regions.

Keywords: paradiplomacy, decentralization, regions, international law, municipalities, legislation, external relations.

DEFINING THE ESSENTIAL LEGAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EMPLOYEE MATERIAL LIABILITY

D.M. Chuyko — 2025-09-12

The article notes that scientists interpret the
content and essence of material liability differently,
distinguishing different groups of its legal features.
However, modern labor law doctrine does not offer a
holistic and comprehensive approach to identifying
the essential legal features of material liability of
employees. To a large extent, this state of legal
research is influenced by the imperfection of the
current regulatory and legal regulation of this area in
labor law. In particular, the lack of clear definitions of
basic concepts, the lack of clarity, certainty and
unification at the legislative level.
The purpose of the article is to identify the
essential legal features of material liability of
employees.
The scientific research in the article is aimed at
forming an author's and comprehensive approach to
identifying the essential legal features of material
liability of an employee. To achieve the scientific goal,
it is proposed to identify the essential legal features,
including by comparing the type of liability under
study with related types of legal liability, and in
particular, with civil liability. It was found that
material liability is characterized by a number of
significant legal features that qualitatively distinguish
it from other types of legal liability. Therefore, this
type of liability arises exclusively within the framework of labor relations. Also, an important legal
feature of material liability is that it is regulated by
labor law, therefore, the principles of this field are
applied to its implementation. In particular, when
holding an employee accountable, it is important to
observe the employee's labor guarantees, protect his
rights and ensure a balance of interests of both parties
to the labor relationship - the employee and the
employer. The general goal of material liability is to
achieve the goals of labor law, in particular:
maintaining labor discipline, protecting the labor
rights of employees, providing them with basic labor
guarantees, as well as ensuring the preservation of the employer's property.

Keywords: labor relations, civil liability, material liability, direct actual damage, labor obligations, labor rights, compensation, labor guarantees, subject of liability.

HISTORICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF BUILDING REGULATION IN EUROPEAN CITIES IN ANTIQUITY AND THE MIDDLE AGES

V.M. Pravdyuk — 2025-09-12

The article а holistic analysis of the
development of urban planning regulation in a
historical perspective is extremely important. The
article analyzes the historical development of the main
schemes for planning the development of European
cities. The features of urban development in ancient
times according to the Hippodamian system are
studied. The decline of European cities after the
collapse of the Western Roman Empire and new
principles of urban development and development in
the Middle Ages are indicated. During the Middle
Ages, the city was primarily a territory where a person
could receive protection, therefore the key limiting line
of development was the city wall. The reasons and
features of the main development schemes
(rectangular, radial, multi-core, etc.) are considered.
The impact of fires on the emergence of the first acts of development regulation in cities is analyzed.

Keywords: history, development, administrative law, history of Europe, history of development regulation, history of cities, urban planning.

SOCIAL CULTURE OF SUPPORT FOR MALE AND FEMALE VETERANS IN UKRAINE

L.M. Zagoruy — 2025-09-12

The article examines the concept of «social
culture of veteran support» in Ukraine as a complex
of norms, values, and practices shaping public
attitudes toward this group of citizens. The authors
outline the key features of this social culture and
analyze the main theoretical and practical challenges
that arise in the process of its formation.
A review of the current state of scholarly
research on the social culture of veteran support in
Ukraine is conducted. The article identifies major
academic approaches to the study of this phenomenon,
highlights underexplored aspects, and outlines the
prospects for further interdisciplinary studies. A
comparative analysis of the concepts of «veteran
policy» and «social culture of veteran support» is also
presented, emphasizing their distinctions.
Finally, the article proposes amendments to the
legislation on the status of war veterans and the
guarantees of their social status, with a particular
focus on improving policies aimed at shaping a more robust social culture of veteran support in Ukraine.

Keywords: male and female veterans, reintegration, social culture, social culture of veteran support, veteran policy.